冠詞（Articles）
假設我們要翻譯以下的中文句子：
他是聰明的孩子
也許我們會將以上的句子翻譯成以下的句子：
＊ He is clever baby.
這種翻譯是錯的，boy 的前面，必須有一個冠詞，英文冠詞只有
兩個：a 和the，在這個例子，我們應該加a，因此正確的翻譯是：
He is a clever boy.
我們現在再看以下的中文句子：
他是昨天來看我的孩子。
以下的翻譯是錯的：
＊ He is boy who came to see me yesterday.
為什麼錯呢？仍然是在於boy 前面沒有冠詞，這次我們必須加the，
正確的翻譯是：
He is the boy who came to see me yesterday.
一般來說，英文句子的單數名詞前面都會有冠詞，沒有冠詞是例
外，以下的句子都是錯的：
＊ He saw cat.
＊ Swimming is good exercise.
＊ Java is computer language.
＊ King of England died last night.
＊ He is professor who taught me English.
正確的句子是：
He saw a cat.
Swimming is a good exercise.
Java is a computer language.
The King of England died last night.
He is the professor who taught me English.
我們知道大多數的名詞前面要加冠詞，但究竟要加a，還是the 呢？
我們在下一節討論。
121 a和the 之不同用法
a 和the 最大的不同，在於a 後面的名詞不是指定的，而the 後
面的名詞是有所指的。我們不妨看以下的兩個句子，他們都是正確
的，但意義卻不同。
John is a boy.
John is the boy.
〝John is a boy.〞的意思是〝約翰是一個男孩〞，而〝John is the boy.〞
的意思就完不同了，我們一定曾經提到過某一個男孩子，而約翰就是
那個男孩子。可能的情形是：There is a boy who is very good in
mathematics. John is the boy.
我們就以〝國王〞為例，如果我們泛指一般的國王，我們可以用
複數，也可以用單數，但必須用a，以下是一些例子：
Kings are also human beings.
Even a king will die sooner or later.
Have you ever met a king ?
I do not like to be a king.
He is an ordinary person, not a king.
如果我們的國王是指某一個特定的國王，就必須用the，舉一個
例子；如果我們說〝國王萬歲〞，我們當然是指我們的國王，因此〝國
王萬歲〞的翻譯就是
Long live the King.
以下的例子都是正確
Here comes the King.
The King is a popular person in our country.
Even the King of England can not come in.
讀者應該瞭解，同類型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意
義是完全不同的，請看以下的句子：
He is not a boy who would cheat others.
意思是：
他不是那種會欺騙別人的男孩子。
再看以下的句子：
He is not the boy who cheated in an examination yesterday.
他不是昨天在考試中舞弊的男孩。
再看以下的句子：
He is a King.
意思是〝他是一個國王〞。
如果說
He is the King.
意思就完全不同了，這句話的意思是〝他是我們國家的國王〞。
請注意，世界上國王有好多個，如果我們僅僅說他是一個國王，
當然沒有指定哪一個國家的國王，就用a king，如果我們用the King
意思當然指我們共識中的國王。這時的King 中的K 必須大寫，以示
尊敬。
我們再舉一個例子：
Please open a window.
是指請開一扇窗子，隨便哪一扇都可以。
Please open the window.
就不同了，說這句話的人和聽這句話的人一定有一個共識，〝the
window〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也許這間房子裡只有一扇窗，
也可能他們談話中曾經提到某一扇窗，〝the window〞就是指那一扇
窗。
我們可以再舉一個例，假如我們說，〝我們需要一場大雨〞，我們
說
We need a heavy rain.
如果我們說，〝這場雨好大〞，我們說
The rain is really heavy.
有了這個基本觀念以後，我們就很容易瞭解以下句子中，為什麼
要用the：
I am going to the train station.
The post office is quite near.
Where is the library?
根據這種原則，當我們提到地球，月亮這種獨一無二的東西，就必須
用the。
the earth
the sun
the moon
the universe
除此以外，the 還有一個特殊的用途，我們可以在the 的後面加
一個形容詞，使這兩個字變成了一個名詞，舉例來說：
the rich＝富人
the poor＝窮人
the weak＝弱者
the deaf＝聾人
the blind＝盲人
請注意，以上的名詞是複數：
The rich always get richer.
The poor are getting poorer.
The blind are often very sensitive to sounds.
以下是一些用a 和the 的例子，讀者應設法了解句子中為何有時用a，
有時用the。
He is a student.
He is the student who can swim very well.
I like to be a teacher.
He is the teacher who taught me English.
The president of the United States in an important person in
the world.
I have a son and a daughter.
I have two sons. This is the son who will be a doctor.
I want to be a teacher who is loved by students.
He is not the person whom we talked about.
There is a boat in the river.
This is the boat which we can use.
The rain is going to stop tomorrow.
We need a good rain.
The weather is really bad.
Is there a train station near us?
Where is the station?
Do you know where the post office is?
There is a post office inside that building.
The library looks so good.
The rich should pay more taxes.
We should pay more attentions to the poor.
The blind can also study computer science now.
The earth is round.
The sun never sets in the British Empire.
Do you think we can reach the moon?
How large is the universe?
練習【練習五十六】
將下列中文句子譯成英文：
1. 他是一個好學生。
2. 他是那位老師都喜歡的學生。
3. 我要做總統。
4. 這是總統。
5. 請打開一扇窗。
6. 中華民國的總統將於明年訪問美國。
7. 我要做一個好的工程師。
8. 他是那位我們常常談到的老師。
9. Java 是一個新的計算機語言。
10. 我有一隻狗。
11. 他是獲大獎的教授。
12. 火車站在哪裡？
13. 請告訴我郵局的地址。
14. 這裡有郵局嗎？
15. 富人常住在城裡。
16. 盲人可以用電腦。
17. 太陽在東邊升起。
18. 宇宙是非常大的。
19. 為什麼我們白天不能看到月亮？
20. 總統幾歲？
【練習五十七】
將適當的冠詞填入下列的空白：
1. He is student who went to see you.
2. There is river in this area.
3. I don't want to be teacher.
4. He wants to become doctor.
5. No one wants to be beggar.
6. Please open door which opens to the hall.
7. UNIX is computer operating system.
8. WINDOW is only operating system invested by Microsoft.
9. I have dog and two cats.
10. She is teacher who got many prizes.
11. earth is not flat.
12. Is there hotel around here?
13. Where is train station.
14. I really like library.
15. Please give me glass of water.
16. wind is getting stronger and stronger.
17. He is friend of mine.
18. It is hard for poor to go to colleges.
19. He is swimmer who swam across the English Channel.
20. weather is getting colder and colder.
21. This is book which I bought yesterday.
22. I don't like to be professor.
23. I am going to take vacation next month.
24. John will become basketball player.
25. I ride bicycle to work every morning.
122 a和an 的用法
在英文裡，a 有時必須用an 代替，凡是一個字一開始的發音是
母音的話，那麼前面就不能用a，而必須用an。例子：
an apple
an answer
an egg
an eye
an island
an idea
an old lady
an odd case
an umbrella
請注意，用an 與否並不是完全和字母有關，而是和發音有關。
舉例來說，u 雖然是一個母音字母，但是我們卻說a unit，而不能用
＊an unit，因為unit 的一開始發音並非母音。
其他類似的例子有：
a useful car
a university
a uniform
a one-sided opinion
反過來說，有些字並不以母音開始，但是卻必須用an，因為這些字
的第一音節是母音發音，例子：
an honest person
an hour
【練習五十八】
填入a 或an
1. He is English Professor.
2. This is easy job.
3. He is just ordinary person.
4. friend in need is friend indeed.
5. Give me hint.
6. I have American friend.
7. I will become engineer.
8. Is he honest boy?
9. hour later, he went away.
10. Is this university library?
123 冠詞使用時的例外
在以上的兩節，我們好像說冠詞的使用是有一定規則的，其實不
然，例外也不少。在很多情形之下，冠詞是要省略的，更麻煩的是，
連省略冠詞的規則都有例外，應該省的卻又不省了。
第一個有關冠詞的特殊用法是這樣的，假設我們要說〝男生通常
不喜歡彈鋼琴〞，我們不能說
Boy does not like to play the piano.
而要說
Boys do not like to play the piano.
這時，Boys 的前面，是沒有冠詞的，理由很簡單，我們不能加a，因
為boys 是複數，我們也不能加the，因為boys 並沒有指定哪一個男孩，
也沒有指定哪一種男孩。類似的例子有：
Girls are more diligent than boys.
When spring comes, flowers start to bloom.
Dogs are often close to their masters.
Cats are often quite lazy.
Men eat more than women.
Professors are all very smart.
第二個規則有關所謂不可數名詞，很多名詞是可以數的如：
a cup, two cups
a boy, three boys
a teacher
a student
a boat
an airplane
a glass of water
a cup of tea
可是很多名詞是不可數的，以下這些名詞都是抽象的，因此不可
數
time
love
hatred
pain
joy
sadness
kindness
wisdom
hope
patience
這些抽象名詞的前面是不要加冠詞的，例子如下：
Time flies.（時間過得很快）
We can not live without love.
Let there be no hatred.
We must be able to endure pain.
Loving others creates joy.
There is sadness in his voice.
Can you feel his kindness?
He has wisdom.
There is hope among us.
I am losing patience.
以上的例子，乃是泛指的事物，如果特定的抽象名詞，仍要加冠
詞。例如：
This is the time to cry.
Do you feel the pain?
There is a hatred towards was in our society.
Everyone can feel the joy of being loved.
We just can not avoid the sadness of losing some loved
ones.
He does have the patience to listen to long talks.
It is a virtue not to steal.
還有一些不可數的名詞，是所謂的物質名詞，像
water
fire
air
metal
tea
coffee
bread
butter
如果這些物質名詞泛指一般的東西，前面是不要加冠詞的，例如
Drinking water is important.
Don't play with fire.
We need air to breath.
There is metal in this device.
I don't drink tea.
I like coffee.
Father brings bread and butter home every day.
一旦物質名詞指特定的東西，前面就要加冠詞，例如：
The water in this city is polluted.
There was a fire near our home last night.
The air in this town is getting worse and worse.
Copper is a metal.
The tea from India is very popular in England.
專有名詞，一般說來都不要加冠詞的：
Mary is from Canada.
John got married last month.
Taiwan is an island.
England is in Europe.
France is a nice country to visit.
Russia is a large country.
Park Street is the main street in this city.
Go to Taipei first.
Sun Moon Lake is a beautiful lake.
January is often very cold here.
Sunday is a day for resting.
Spring is the best season.
Mt. Everest is in Europe.
President Kennedy died when he was young.
King George was considered a mad king.
Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently.
可惜的是，英文中專有名詞仍有要加the 的，我們將試著將這些
例外寫成規則，但這種規則一定掛一漏萬，讀者如要知道何種情況要
加冠詞，何種情況不加冠詞，惟一的辦法是多讀英文的文章，慢慢地
就會瞭解什麼情形該用冠詞，什麼情形不用冠詞。
哪些專門名詞前面仍要加冠詞the 呢？
(1) 河流，海洋，沙漠，海峽，海灣等等專有名詞的前面都要加
the。
the Hudson River （赫德森河）
the Rhine River （萊茵河）
the Yellow River （黃河）
the River Thames （泰唔士河）
the Amazon River （亞馬遜河）
the Pacific Ocean （太平洋）
the Red Sea （紅海）
the Mediterranean Sea （地中海）
the Baltic Sea （波羅的海）
the Atlantic Ocean （大西洋）
the Sahara Desert （撒哈拉大沙漠）
the Gobi Desert （戈壁大沙漠）
the Taiwan Straits （台灣海峽）
the English Channel （英吉利海峽）
the Manila Bay （馬尼拉海灣）
the Bay of Tokyo （東京灣）
the Persian Gulf （波斯灣）
(2) 國家的名詞中如有of 時，要加the
the United States of America
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
the Republic of China
(3) 非常言式的名稱，也要加the
the World Bank （世界銀行）
the United Nations （聯合國）
the Red Cross （紅十字會）
the Catholic Church （天主教會）
(4) 帝國，朝代，時代等等專有名詞的前面，要加the
the British Empire （大英帝國）
the Ｏttoman Empire （奧圖門帝國）
the United Kingdom （聯合王國）
the Byzantine Era （拜占庭時代）
the Chin Dynasty （秦朝）
the Victoria Era （維多利亞時代）
the Hanover Dynasty （漢諾威王朝）
The Renaissance Era （文藝復興時代）
the Dark Ages （黑暗時代）
(5) 如果提到〝全體〞，就要加the
the Wangs （王家）
the Kennedys （甘迺迪家族）
請注意，Wang 和Kennedy 都是姓，如果要指全家人，必須在姓
氏的後面加s，前面加the。
the Chinese （中國人）
the Americans （美國人）
the Africans （非洲人）
我們說過，一般的專有名詞是不要加冠詞的，但是有很多其他的
名詞前面也不要加冠詞，以下是一些規則：
(1) 學科一概不加冠詞
I do not like mathematics.
He hates geometry.
She teaches us history.
(2) 三餐一概不加冠詞
Did you have lunch.
Missing breakfast is bad for your health.
We have had dinner already.
千萬記住，如果我們的名詞指定某一個特定的時候，就仍要加冠
詞，以下是一些例子：
I had a happy Christmas lunch with my family.
The dinner you treated me last night was really good.
Did you have a big breakfast?
(3) 假如我們說〝上學〞，〝去教堂〞等等，都不要加冠詞，例如
I went to church yesterday.
He goes to church every Sunday.
She is going to college this summer.
Did you go to school last week?
但是如果我們說的是指定的教堂，學校等等，仍要加冠詞，例如：
I went to the church at the corner of Park Street yesterday.
The church which I went to when I was young is still there.
I did not go to the college which my father went to.
(4) 語言不要加冠詞
English is easy to learn.
There are also grammatical rules in Chinese.
Can you speech Japanese?
但是，我們必須注意語言有另一種表示的方法，例如：
The English language is easy to learn.
There are grammatical rules in the Chinese language.
(5) 運動一概前面不加冠詞
Do you play tennis?
I can not play basketball.
I really love soccer.
(6) 動名詞前面不加冠詞，例如
Swimming is good for you.
I like playing tennis.
Do you enjoy playing piano?
【練習五十九】
以下的句子都有冠詞用法的錯誤，請改正這些錯誤：
1. The Girls are often good in learning languages.
2. The dogs always chase the cats.
3. Do you have the time?
4. I have not had a water for two hours.
5. There is no life without the pain.
6. The love is the most important thing in one's life.
7. He has the wisdom.
8. I am losing the patience.
9. This is not time to cry.
10. Pain due to losing a loved one is hard to endure.
11. Joy being a father is really great.
12. Being honest is virtue.
13. Speaking the truth is good policy.
14. Can you feel sadness of his?
15. We need the air to live.
16. I do not drink the coffee. I drink the tea.
17. We Chinese eat the rice every day.
18. Water in this area is very clean.
19. There was fire in the next street last night.
20. Fire last night killed three kids.
21. Coffee which you are drinking is from South America.
22. Mary is from the Canada.
23. The China is a large country.
24. Republic of China was Founded in 1911.
25. Where is the England?
26. Is the Russian in Europe.
27. The President Lincoln is a great person.
28. The King George was a mad king.
29. Yellow River is a long river.
30. Have you been to Gobi Desert?
31. Manila Bay is very beautiful.
32. It is hard to cross Atlantic Ocean by a small boat.
33. Can you swim across English Channel?
34. United States of America is a large country.
35. United Nations and Red Cross often work together.
36. When did Ottoman Empire end?
37. British Empire was large before.
38. Catholic Church is one of the oldest organizations in the world.
39. This cup was made in Ming Dynasty.
40. Renaissance is a very important era for mankind.
41. We should not go back to Dark Ages.
42. Wangs did not invite me to their house.
43. I do not like Kennedys.
44. Chinese pay great attention to education.
45. I do not like the physics.
46. Are you interested in the chemistry?
47. Did you have the lunch?
48. Let us have the dinner together.
49. I always have a breakfast with my family.
50. I had big dinner last night.
51. Dinner my mother cooked for me was delicious.
52. I go to the church every Sunday.
53. He does not like to go to the school.
54. Did you see beautiful church in the next street?
55. The English is so hard for me.
56. Do you speak the English?
57. Do you play the tennis?
58. The swimming is good for you.
59. I like the walking in the woods.
60. I practice the baseball every week.
【練習六十】
在以下的空白處加入冠詞，如不需要冠詞，就讓它空白：
1. boys usually do not like to sit still for long.
2. I love to have cup of coffee.
3. There is love between us.
4. Can you feel love from you mother?
5. joy for having a new baby is really great.
6. Do you have time for a walk?
7. We can not live without love.
8. I have not drunk wine for a long time.
9. Do you have wisdom to distinguish bad persons from good
persons?
10. This is good dinner.
11. I did not have dinner.
12. joy being mother is great.
13. Running is good practice.
14. sadness due to the death of his mother really hurts him.
15. We need water to live.
16. We can not live without air.
17. I do not drink coffee.
18. fire with occurred last night destroyed my house.
19. coffee which you are drinking is very light.
20. Republic of China is in Asia.
21. Where is Russia?
22. Is France in Africa?
23. President Kennedy was liked by most American before be
died.
24. Amazon River is a long one.
25. Have you ever been to Tokyo?
26. Have you ever been to Tokyo Bay?
27. There are more than one hundred countries in United
Nations.
28. This is Ming Dynasty porcalain.
29. Wangs invited us to a dinner party.
30. I do not like mathematics.
31. spring is a pleasant season.
32. I had pleasant evening with my friends.
33. breakfast which I had this morning was too light for me.
34. It is not easy to study English.
35. I did play basketball yesterday.
36. swimming is a good exercise.
37. There should be chicken in every pot.
38. It is good idea to eat lightly.
【練習六十一】
將以下的句子譯成成英文：
1. 狗會叫（bark）。
2. 貓會抓老鼠。
3. 有時候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。
4. 我不喝茶。
5. 感覺到被愛是很重要的。
6. 說實話令人快樂。
7. 我們需要愛。
8. 他是一個中國人。
9. 中國人喜歡喝茶。
10. 昨夜，城裡有一場火。
11. 約翰來自美國。
12. 法國在哪裡？
13. 我喜歡林肯總統。
14. 黃河不是黃的。
15. 紅十字會已經有一百年了（one hundred years old）。
16. 明朝是一個重要的朝代。
17. 你喜愛數學嗎？
18. 我今天早上沒有吃早飯。
19. 我已吃過午飯。
20. 我昨天沒有去教堂。
21. 我今年秋天要上大學。
22. 游泳使我強壯。
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