引用來源： http://english.nhsh.tp.edu.tw/p21-13.htm
| 13.1 |
if-假設語氣 |
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| 1. |
針對現在事件的假設語氣 （現在假設法） （即非現在事實--與現在事實相反） |
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句型： If ...were/V-p.t. ..., ...would/might/could/should + 原形V.... （較單純動詞變化） |
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例1. If I were you, I would be satisfied. (In fact, I am not you.)
例2. If I had money on me, I would take this expensive one.
(In fact, I don't have money with me, so I can't take this expensive one.) |
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| 2. |
針對過去事件的假設語氣 （過去假設法） （即非過去事實--與過去事實相反） |
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句型： If ...had + P.P..., ...would/might/could/should + have + V-p.p. .... （完成式動詞變化） |
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例：If I had been with them, the children wouldn't have been injured. |
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時間軸圖示 （ 藍色 直線 為正常時式， 粉紅 斜線 為假設語氣） |
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| 3. |
表對未來之推測、假設 （未來假設法） |
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| A) |
should/happen to表“萬一/如果碰巧”： |
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句型：If ...should/happen to +原形V..., ...will(would)/may(might)/can(could)/should +原形V |
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例：If there should be strikes, the company will/would lay off the strikers. |
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| B) |
were to表“如果/假使”→ are/is to的假設語氣用法： |
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句型：If ...were to..., ...would/should/might/could+ 原形V… (如果會...) |
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例：That's a good idea, but suppose mom were to find out. |
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註：if-條件句「如果，假如」-- 表事件之條件或可能性。（動詞變化：直說法--時式正常變化）
例1. If it rains heavily, the river nearby floods/will blood. （如果大雨，河流就淹水。）→ 條件，結果。
例2. If she told you that, she was lying. （果真她這麼告訴你，她就是在撒謊。）→ 過去可能的事實。 |
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| 13.2 |
其它「假設語氣」用法綜合整理 |
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| 1. |
wish + S + 假設語氣V… （但願，希望） （87推甄） |
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* 對現在假設—例：I wish I lived near my school. （但願我住在學校附近。）
* 對過去假設—例：I wish I had not said that. （但願我沒說過那句話。） |
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| 2. |
without/but for + 名詞, S + 假設語氣V… （要不是，若無） |
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* 對現在假設—例：Without you, my life would be dull. （如果沒有你，我的生活就很悶。）
* 對過去假設—例：But for your help, I wouldn't have found this job. （要不是 ~，我找不到 ~） |
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| 3. |
as if + S + 假設語氣V… （彷彿，好像） |
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* 對現在假設—例：The young man walks as if he were an old man. （這年輕人走路像個老頭。）
* 對過去假設—例：The white-faced boy looks as if he had seen a ghost. （仿彿看見鬼了）
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註：直說法—例：He looks as if he hasn't slept all night. （他看起來整晚沒睡—他目前的確很疲倦。）
其它可有假設語氣與直說法之用詞—1) even if ~ (即使~) 2) what if ~ (如果 ~ 那怎麼辦？) |
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| 4. |
If only + S + 假設語氣V… （真希望，但願） 註: only if （唯有如果/當...） |
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* 對現在假設—例：If only I had a nice job. （但願我目前有份好工作。）
* 對過去假設—例：If only I hadn't bought this. （我真是希望沒買這個東西。） |
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It is (high/about) time (that) + S + 假設語氣V… （該是做 ~ 事的時候了） |
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* 對現在提出虛擬—例：It's time that you had a haircut. （你該理髮了。） |
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lest + S + (should) + 原形V… （以防/免 ~ ） |
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* 對未來的臆測—例：Remind me later lest I (should) forget. （稍後提醒我，以免我忘記。） |
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| 13.3 |
「直說法」綜合整理 （非假設語氣，表條件） |
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| 1. |
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supposing/suppose (that)
on (the) condition that
in the event that
註：in the event of + n. |
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+ S + V … （假如 = if） |
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例：I will take this on the condition that you reduce its price. （如果你降價，我就買這件。） |
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| 2. |
given that + 子句 （如果考慮到） 註：given + 名詞 --（90學測） |
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例：Given that he is new here, I won't be hard on him. （考量到他剛來，我不會嚴厲對待他。） |
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in case + 子句 （句首--如果；句中--以防） 註：in case of + n. |
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例：Take an umbrella in case it rains/should rain. （帶把傘去，以防下雨。） |
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for fear that + 子句… （以免/避免 ~，擔心 ~ ） 註：for fear of + n. |
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例：I daren't go there for fear that the dog will bark at me. （我不敢去那兒，擔心狗對我吠。） |
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